Geodesy, coordinate systems, and map projections objectives introduce the main concepts of geodesy coordinate systems, datums, ellipsoids, and geoids describe map projections and coordinate systems we use in gis two key questions what is the shape of the. Work undertaken in the usa and ussr on the creation of suitable map projections obtained through numerical analysis has been included. Projected coordinate systems are derived from map projections and geographic coordinate systems from latitude and longitude degrees. A map projection uses mathematical formulas to relate the spherical or ellipsoidal coordinates on.
Extension in arcview, and project in arcinfo marylands stateplane coordinate system is based on a lambert conformal conic projection. All mapping and coordinate systems are based on this shape. Datums, projections, grids and common coordinate systems january 1996 approved for public release. The main difference is that projected, geodetic coordinates are cartesian coordinates with. Coordinate systems and map projections, second edition. The earth is almost spherical, however there is a tiny bulge at.
Coordinate systems and map projections, george phillip and son limited, london. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Map projections download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi. The course format includes detailed information on how these concepts are applied to different regions of the pacific islands. A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, such as global positioning system gps locations, within a common geographic framework. The process of projection involves distorition of area, distance, shape, and angles. Buy coordinate systems and map projections, second edition on free shipping on qualified orders coordinate systems and map projections, second edition. A coordinate system is a reference framework that defines the position of features in either two or threedimensional space. Coordinate systems, map projections, and geographic datum. Using timedifferences, loranc can identify positions with an accuracy of onequarter of a mile. Buy coordinate systems and map projections, second edition on. The main difference is that projected, geodetic coordinates are cartesian coordinates with two equally scaled orthogonal axes. Coordinate systems, projections, and transformations. The shape of the earth and the geodetic datum concept are covered on pages 46.
Gis positional data are primarily printed maps which have been digitized. Kotsakis objectives in these noteswe develop a body of theory to understand and analyse the distortion properties of maps that underlie different map projection algorithms. Coordinate systems and map projections isbn 9780080372341 pdf. Oct 08, 20 presentation objectives understand basic concepts on coordinate systems for the gis user. Understanding coordinate systems, datums and transformations in australia article pdf available january 2009 with 8,610 reads how we measure reads. After an overview of the global positioning system gps, the author introduces the fundamentals of map projections and examines the different types. Introduction to coordinate systems and projections. Pdf map projections download full pdf book download. To transform different map projections of many gis data sources to an unified map projection in a gis database, 5. The appearance, classification and naming of map projections. This projection is based on the mathematics of a cone intersecting a sphere. They are very useful, as a set of coordinate values can be given to almost anyone in the world and they can relate the coordinate values to a real life place. Geodesy, coordinate systems, and map projections objectives introduce the main concepts of geodesy coordinate systems, datums, ellipsoids, and geoids describe map projections and coordinate systems we use in gis two key questions what is the shape of the earth, and where are things on the earth. A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, such as global positioning system gps locations, within a.
Six map projections are proposed for use in electronic navigation enav systems together with specific selection rules based on the location and the extent of the area displayed on the screen. The process of converting a threedimensional space to a twodimensional map is called projection. The following sections identify some of the key factors when using coordinate systems, datums and projections in various applications. Understanding map projections landing page for kartoweb. Coordinate systems are referenced to the physical earth surface through the use of datums. The detailed configuration of the geoid resulting from the. Page 79 discuss map scale and the basics of coordinate systems. Map projections are used to transfer or project geographical coordinates onto a flat surface. Understanding projections and coordinate systems important knowledge to have, especially if you deal with many different sets of data that come from different sources. Different coordinate systems have different methods of splitting up the earth. If layers in a map have different coordinate systems defined from those of the map or local scene itself, a transformation between the coordinate systems might be necessary to. Projections and coordinate systems may seem complex and arcane to you, but as you become more familiar with gis and gis datasets, you will become more capable of handling different coordinate systems and projections.
Map projections and coordinate systems clarke major. Army corps of engineers topographic engineering center 7701 telegraph road alexandria. Mar 16, 2015 there are many different coordinate systems, based on a variety of geodetic datums, projections, and units in use geographic coordinate systems no projection. Just as all maps have a map scale, all maps have locations, too. Map projection, coordinate system and datum youtube. Pdf coordinate systems and map projections rcz uz on. Many standard coordinate systems use conformal projections. Some basic ideas about the mathematics of map projections. Start studying map projections and coordinate systems. Analytical derivation of some map projections including examples of pseudocylindrical and polyconic projections is also covered.
Terminology what all those words really mean geodesy the shape of the earth geographic coordinate systems datums map projections projected coordinate systems working with projections in arcgis understanding coordinate systems for arcgis 3. The revisions take into account the huge advances in geometrical geodes, isbn 9780080372341 buy the coordinate systems and map projections ebook. Specify a coordinate systemproperties of maps documentation. State plane coordinate system fips, zones and the fifty states, learn all about the spcs. Understanding projections and coordinate systems important knowledge to have, especially if you deal with many different sets of. Projections and coordinate system linkedin slideshare. Coordinate systems either geographic or projected provide a framework for defining realworld locations. Coordinate systems and map projections sciencedirect. Optimization of geographic map projections for canadian. Coordinate systems can be defined in both maps and scenes. A comprehensive treatment of map projections with useful examples provided in the appendix a. Page 4 engo 421 map projections lecture notes on map projections engo 421. The easiest way to try to transfer the information onto a flat surface is to convert the geographic coordinates into an x and y coordinate system, where x is longitude and y is latitude. How to improve your memory lbcc study skills duration.
For instance, in geometry we use x horizontal and y vertical coordinates to define points on a twodimensional plane. To correctly align a feature layer with an image layer in arcview. The geographic coordinate system great lakes worm watch. Coordinate systems frameworks used to determine position on the surface of the earth. Spheroid or ellipsoid based systems, local systems. The employed plane coordinate system is either projected or geographic. This is changing somewhat as more data are collected by gps. Local navigation coordinates systems, such as loranc, define locations by referencing measurements of electronic signals. Projected coordinate systems a map projection is the systematic transformation of locations on the earth latitudelongitude to planar coordinates the basis for this transformation is the geographic coordinate system which references a datum map projections are designed for specific purposes. Conceptual summary of projections aa coo d ate syste sn coordinate systems xy coordinatesderived via projection from latlong t iti 2 dfl t lines of latitude and longituderepresent position on 2d flat map surface spheroid. Handbook for transformation of datums, projections, grids and.
Consequently, map projections are classified as cylindrical, conical, and azimuthal a direct transformation of the surface of part of a spheroid to a circle. Two basic types of coordinate systems exist for geographic data. To adjust errors which occur at map digitization due to distortion of the map measured, 6. For a conceptual overview, see georeferencing and coordinate systems. Coordinate systems and map projections open library.
Gis needs to be able to register data from different coordinate systems for. A map projection uses mathematical formulas to relate the spherical or ellipsoidal coordinates on the globe to flat, planar coordinates. Lecture 2 map projections and gis coordinate systems. Geodesy, coordinate systems, objectives and map projections. Coordinate systems can be horizontal, defining where features are across the globe, or vertical, defining how high or deep features are relative to a surface. The revisions take into account the huge advances in geometrical geodesy which have occurred since the early years of satellite geodesy. Pdf a projection aspect is usually defined in references as the relation to the. Projections and coordinate systems are a complicated topic in gis, but they form the basis for how a gis can store, analyze, and display spatial data. Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for integration. Coordinate systems and map projections 2nd edition. The earth exists in threedimensions but, other than globes, most representations of the earth are two dimensional. Learn about geographic coordinate systems and map projections and how to work with them in arcgis pro.
A projected coordinate system based on a map projection such as transverse mercator, albers equal area, or robinson, all of which along with numerous other map projection models provide various mechanisms to project maps of the earths spherical surface onto a two. Spatial data has coordinate systems, geographic coordinate systems, or projected coordinate systems defined. Objectives coordinate systems and map projections for gis. Area of interest the area of interest is defined by the extent and coverage of spatial data, and each area of interest should be treated differently, whether global, regional, or local. The figure of the earth and the reference surfaces used in surveying and mapping. A revised and expanded new edition of the definitive english work on map projections.
Sep 20, 2019 this selfpaced, online training teaches the fundamental concepts of map projections, datums, and coordinate systems and demonstrates how to use them using esris arcgis. Handbook for transformation of datums, projections, grids. Projections transformation of curved earth to a flat map. Coordinate systems and map projections 2nd edition elsevier. Understanding map projections, datums, and coordinate systems. Sep 15, 2017 working with map projections and coordinate systems in arcgis duration. A coordinate system, datum, and map projection are all components of the coordinate reference system for a spatial object. Gis data differs from other data types, primarily because it contains geographic coordinates describing the location of the data on the earth.
Understanding coordinate systems and projections for arcgis. Coordinate reference systems used in europe including map. Projections and coordinate systems using corpscon, the projector. Coordinate systems and map projections pdf adobe drm can be read on any device that can open pdf adobe drm files. Projected coordinate systems are sometimes referred to as map projections. If layers in a map have different coordinate systems defined from those of the map or local scene itself, a transformation between the coordinate systems might be necessary to ensure data lines up correctly. The reader is referred to clarke 2015, maling 1992, goodchild and. Purchase coordinate systems and map projections 2nd edition. This handbook is intended to be a coordinate reference systems user manual, therefore we assume some knowledge and prior exposure to basic concepts of map projections and coordinate reference systems. Maling gis applications spring 2004 objectives maling s assumption. Map projections are introduced on pages 1012, and pages.